The glow of axion quark nugget dark matter. Part I. Large scale structures
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Axion quark nuggets (AQN) are hypothetical, macroscopically large objects with a mass greater than a few grams and sub-micrometer size, formed during the quark-hadron transition. Originating from the axion field, they offer a possible resolution of the similarity between visible and dark components of the Universe, i.e. ΩDM∼ Ωvisibleand observed matter-antimatter asymmetry. These composite objects behave as cold dark matter, interacting with ordinary matter and resulting in pervasive electromagnetic radiation throughout the Universe. This work aims to predict the electromagnetic signature in large-scale structures from this AQN-baryon interaction, accounting for thermal and non-thermal radiations. We useMagneticumhydrodynamical simulations to describe the realistic distribution and dynamics of gas and dark matter at cosmological scales. We construct a light cone encompassing a 1.4 square degree area on the sky, extending up to redshiftz= 5.4, and we calculate the electromagnetic signature across a wide range of frequencies from radio, starting atν∼ 1 GHz, up to a few keV X-ray energies. We find that the AQNs electromagnetic signature is characterized by global (monopole) and fluctuation signals. The amplitude of both signals strongly depends on the average nugget mass and the ionization level of the baryonic environment, allowing us to identify a most optimistic scenario and a minimal configuration. The signal of our most optimistic scenario is often near the sensitivity limit of existing instruments, such as FIRAS in theν= [100-500] GHz range and the South Pole Telescope for high-resolutionℓ> 4000 atν= 95 GHz. Fluctuations in the Extra-galactic Background Light caused by the axion quark nuggets in the most optimistic scenario can also be tested with space-based imagers Euclid and James Webb Space Telescope. In general, our minimal configuration is still out of reach of existing instruments, but future experiments might be able to pose some constraints. We conclude that the axion quark nuggets model represents a viable model for dark matter, which does not violate the canons of cosmology nor existing observations. A reanalysis of existing data sets could provide some evidence of axion quark nuggets if our most optimistic configuration is correct. The best chances for testing the model reside in 1) ultra-deep infrared and optical surveys, 2) future experiments to probe the frequency spectrum of the cosmic microwave background, and 3) low-frequency (1 GHz <ν< 100 GHz) and high-resolution (ℓ≳ 104) observations.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".