Designs and mechanical responses of 3D-printed Ti6Al4V porous structures based on triply periodic minimal surfaces with different iso-values
Bibliographic record
Abstract
With the increasing applications of additive manufacturing in orthopaedic implants and numerous designs of porous structures available, there is a strong need and opportunity to optimize the structure designs for improved bone integration. Here we created a unique group of sheet structures based on triply periodic minimal surface (TPMS) by varying the iso-value and systematically examined how iso-value influences the mechanical performance of sheet diamond TPMS structures compared to the Octet truss structure. Four iso-values (C) 0, 0.25, 0.5, and 0.75 were designed for sheet Diamond (OSD) TPMS with varying porosity, and Ti6Al4V powder bed fusion was used to produce the porous structures. Compressive tests revealed that iso-value C significantly affected mechanical performance, and interestingly, the impact was porosity-dependent. At high relative density (>0.25), OSD0 (C = 0) displayed the highest elastic modulus and yield strength, whereas at low relative density (<0.25), OSD0.5 showed the highest among all OSD structures. Regarding failure mechanisms, OSD0, OSD0.25, and OSD0.75 showed a mixed domination of stretching and bending, while OSD0.5 was predominantly stretching-dominated. Finite Element Analysis (FEA) found that local yielding initiated at cell nodes upon loading, followed by surface bending and the formation of single or multiple shear bands near the cell nodes. This work demonstrated the feasibility of improving the mechanical performance of porous TPMS structures by simple adjustments in their governing trigonometric functions, serving as a starting point to customize porous structures for specific applications.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".