Performance of stone columns in unsaturated soils: Numerical evaluation
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Stone columns are often designed using the conventional framework of saturated soils, ignoring the influence of in-situ unsaturated soil conditions. Such an approach contributes to unrealistic and, in certain scenarios, over-conservative designs. The key objective of this paper is to quantify the influence of matric suction on the confining support offered by the surrounding soil towards stone columns. In addition, how this approach can be implemented through a numerical technique is also presented and discussed. The numerical analysis suggests that the load-carrying capacity of stone columns increased with an increase in the matric suction in the boundary effect, and the transition zone. However, the contribution of matric suction towards load-carrying capacity starts reducing from the residual zone of saturation. Furthermore, the performance of stone columns in unsaturated soils is strongly associated with the area replacement ratio. The results of the study are promising towards developing procedures that can be used in the rational design of stone columns in unsaturated soils.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".