Spectral Analysis Of Cutaneous Vasodilation To Assess Sex-differences In The Response To Local Heating
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Spectral analysis of laser-doppler flowmetry (LDF) signals is an emerging non-invasive approach to understanding the physiological underpinnings of cutaneous vasodilation in response to various stimuli. Cutaneous microvascular control during local heat-induced vasodilation is modulated by an array of mechanisms that can be characterized by distinct frequency bands in the LDF signal. The relative contribution (spectral power) of frequency bands (neurogenic, myogenic, metabolic, cardiac and respiratory) to local heat-induced cutaneous vasodilation may be modulated by individual factors such as sex. PURPOSE: To describe sex-related differences in the spectral power of cutaneous vasodilation during local heating. METHODS: 30 healthy young adults (15 females) were instrumented with six LDF probes integrated with local heaters. Probes were placed in a randomized order on the left side of the body on the chest, arm, forearm, abdomen, thigh, and calf. Local heater temperatures were increased from 33 °C to 42 °C and maintained up to 35 min until a stable plateau was reached. LDF signals were extracted into frequency-amplitude estimates using a Morlet mother wavelet to transform the data signal. Absolute amplitude and relative contributions of each frequency band to the average amplitude of the total frequency band was calculated. For each frequency band of interest, wavelet amplitude was log-transformed and evaluated using a linear mixed model, with separate models for the absolute and relative (% of total spectral activity) amplitude. Between-sex differences were transformed into fold-differences for clarity. RESULTS: Males showed significant fold-increases in both absolute and relative wavelet amplitudes associated with neurogenic (1.32 ± 0.13, P = 0.006, 1.19 ± 0.08, P = 0.010), and myogenic (1.29 ± 0.11, P = 0.003, 1.12 ± 0.05, P = 0.016) bands compared to females. Males also showed a significant fold-decrease in relative wavelet amplitude associated with the cardiac band (0.94 ± 0.03, P = 0.045). CONCLUSION: Differences between males and females were detected in the spectral power of the neurogenic, myogenic and cardiac frequency bands, highlighting the utility of this approach in non-invasively identifying individual factors such as sex that modulate cutaneous vasodilation during local heating. Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.007 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.005 | 0.017 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".