Minute-by-minute Analysis Of Knee Flexion During The Buffalo Concussion Treadmill Test
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The Buffalo Concussion Treadmill Test (BCTT) is an assessment to gauge the extent of exercise tolerance for patients recovering from sport-related concussions (SRC). Research suggests that knee kinematics are altered following an SRC seen throughout the BCTT during midstance (MS), but it is unclear if this persists at each minute of the test. PURPOSE: Evaluate knee flexion differences at MS during each minute of BCTT within 72 hours post-SRC compared to symptom free(SF). METHODS: 12 NCAA Division I athletes (avg. age = 20 ± 2 yrs; avg. height = 70.93 ± 5.09in) completed the BCTT within 3 days post-SRC (CON) and after being fully symptom-free (SF) for 24 hours. The BCTT was performed via the standardized guidelines, which involved measurements of Visual Analogue Scale (VAS 0-10), heart rate(HR), and Borg Rating of Perceived Exertion (RPE 6-20). Treadmill speed was contingent upon the participant’s height (3.2mph <70 in; 3.6mph < 70in) and the grade increase (1%) at each minute. The test was stopped after a consecutive 3 pt change on the VAS, RPE > 16, or when 90% of HR predicted maximum was reached. Each minute, the subjects’ joint angles (knee total range of motion in flexion/extension) were tracked using markerless motion capture (120 Hz, Qualisys motion capture, Qualisys, Göteborg, SE), analyzed using Theia (Theia Markerless, Ontario, CA), and processed through Visual 3D (10 Hz Low Pass, C-motion Inc. Germantown, MD, 1997, v.2022.09.1). Paired samples t-tests were run to determine minute by minute differences between CON and SF. Data were normalized to the lowest common denominator of time. RESULTS: A significant difference was found in flexion/extension during mid-stance of varying minutes (Table 1). CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that SRC demonstrated greater knee flexion during the BCTT at varying time points and it becomes more significant as the time of the task increases.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".