Measuring Hydrogen Permeability of Salt Rock for Applications in Energy Storage
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract This study investigates the hydrogen permeability of salt-rock plugs from the Lotsberg Salt Formation and its caprock, the Ernestina Formation. We employed a newly-developed pressure pulse decay (PPD) system, which is modified and extended from the existing systems for shale-rock characterization. A series of experiments were conducted on each salt rock to measure hydrogen permeability across an average pressure range of 100 to 1000 psi. The results highlight the significant impact of the Klinkenberg effect, where hydrogen slippage leads to an overestimation of measured permeability values. After correcting for this effect, the absolute permeabilities to hydrogen were determined to be 0.313 nD and 4.32 nD for the salt rocks from Ernestina and Lotsberg formations respectively. The interface between the grains of the Lotsberg marlstone provides hydrogen flow pathways, thereby increasing its permeability. The sample from Ernestina caprock, primarily composed of 92% anhydrite with minor dolomite and halite, has fewer crystal boundaries and grain interfaces, resulting in lower permeability.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".