Immunomodulatory Effects of Halichondrin Isolated from Marine Sponges and Its Synthetic Analogs in Oncological Applications
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Marine natural products comprise unique chemical structures and vast varieties of biological activities. This review aims to summarize halichondrin, a marine natural product, and its synthetic analogs along with its therapeutic properties and mechanisms. Halichondrin and its analogs, derived from marine sponges, exhibit potent antineoplastic properties, making them promising candidates for cancer therapeutics. These compounds, characterized by their complex molecular structures, have demonstrated significant efficacy in inhibiting microtubule dynamics, leading to cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in various cancer cell lines. Several types of halichondrins such as halichondrins B, C, norhalichondrin B, and homohalichondrin B have been discovered with similar anticancer and antitumor characteristics. Since naturally available halichondrins show hurdles in synthesis, recent advancements in synthetic methodologies have enabled the development of several halichondrin analogs, such as E7389 (eribulin), which have shown improved therapeutic indices. Eribulin has shown excellent immunomodulatory properties by several mechanisms such as reprogramming tumor microenvironments, facilitating the infiltration and activation of immune cells, and inhibiting microtubule dynamics. Despite promising results, challenges remain in the synthesis and clinical application of these compounds. This review explores the mechanisms underlying the immunomodulatory activity of halichondrin and its analogs in cancer therapy, along with their clinical applications and potential for future drug development.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".