Ice Crystal Environment – Modular Axial Compressor Rig: Heat Flux Observations Under Icing
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Ice crystal icing of turbofan engines occurs when an aircraft encounters atmospheric ice crystals in flight. The crystals permeate the compressor core, creating runback, which eventually refreezes, blocking airflow and leading to rollback, shedding, or flameout. The Ice crystal environment modular axial compressor rig (ICE-MACR) is a purpose-built compressor rig for investigating the physics of in-flight ice crystal icing of turbofan aircraft engines. Observations of heat flux and temperature transients of the ICE-MACR surfaces under ice crystal ingestion are presented and discussed. It was found that, when accretion occurs, heat flux transients can be modeled as [Formula: see text], where [Formula: see text] was found to be primarily a function of temperature and [Formula: see text] a function of both total water content and temperature. In cases where accretion did not occur, heat flux transients were found not to fit any simple mathematical model. Analysis of both heat flux and metal temperature at the point of transition to steady accretion growth indicates that transition typically occurs when heat flux from the metal casing to the impinging mixed-phase drops below a threshold value.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".