Electrochemical radiofluorination using a split-bipolar electrode
Bibliographic record
Abstract
• Electrochemical radiofluorination (ECF) is achieved with split bipolar electrodes. • Radiochemical conversion of up to 70 % for methyl (methylthio)acetate. • A m of 28–43 GBq/μmol is achieved with starting activity of 2.5–3.3 GBq. • A m obtained in this work is five times higher than previous reports using ECF. Electrochemical (radio)fluorination (ECF) is a versatile approach for nucleophilic radiofluorination of electron-rich compounds such as thioether derivatives. However, ECF generally requires high concentrations of supporting salts, which leads to low molar activity ( A m ) of the final product due to undesired contamination with [ 19 F]F – ions. Here, we demonstrate the first example of radiofluorination using a split bipolar electrode (s-BPE) platform with low concentration of supporting salt. Under optimal reaction conditions, the ECF of methyl (methylthio)acetate (MMTA) using s-BPEs provided [ 18 F]F-MMTA with radiochemical conversion of up to 70 % and high molar activities (28–43 GBq/μmol; 0.74–1.1 Ci/μmol), with approximately 5 mM of tetrabutylammonium perchlorate as supporting electrolyte.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.003 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".