Absentee Online Voters in the Northwest Territories:Attitudes and Impacts on Participation
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Despite being deployed in Canadian municipal elections since 2003, online ballots were not used in binding elections at higher levels of government until the Northwest Territories’ adoption of online voting for absentee voters in its territorial elections in 2019 and 2023. Municipal and Indigenous use of online voting in Canada are well studied, but implementation at higher orders of government have not yet been examined. Drawing on an original data set of online voters in the 2023 Northwest Territories territorial election, we examine who votes online in higher order elections, attitudes towards the voting mode, and its impact on engagement. Throughout our analysis, we simultaneously compare these data to original data from online voter exit surveys conducted during the 2022 Ontario municipal elections. We find that uncommitted voters outside of Yellowknife would not have voted without the online option. Similarly, for municipal voters, we find that age and past voting record correlate with whether the online option influenced electors to cast a ballot.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.004 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.007 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".