An Embedded Calibration Structure for mm- Wave Multi-probe Reflectometers
Bibliographic record
Abstract
In this paper, an embedded calibration structure for millimeter-wave (mm-wave) multi-probe reflectometers is presented. The proposed structure is designed using on-chip components, thereby eliminating the need for the commonly used bulky and costly mm-wave on-wafer calibration equip-ment. This calibration structure can operate concurrently with the reflectometer, enabling compensation for temperature and process variations. For a proof-of-concept, the reflectometer and proposed calibration units are designed and simulated for E-band in a 65 nm standard CMOS process. The proposed calibration unit, composed of three replications of the reflectometer and on-chip passive components, occupies an area of 100 um ×500 um$(0.05 \ \text{mm}^{2})$. The simulations for complex impedance detection using the designed structure, show a maximum magnitude and phase error of 1.8 dB and$4^{\circ}$at 60 GHz and 0.9 dB and$2.5^{\circ}$at 90 GHz, respectively.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".