Genome-Wide Search for Gene Mutations Likely Conferring Insecticide Resistance in the Common Bed Bug, Cimex lectularius
Bibliographic record
Abstract
that exhibits a higher pyrethroid resistance ratio compared to many previously discovered strains. We sequenced the genomes of the pyrethroid-resistant and susceptible strains using long-read sequencing, resulting in the construction of highly contiguous genomes (N50 of the resistant strain: 2.1 Mb and N50 of the susceptible strain: 1.5 Mb). Gene prediction was performed by BRAKER3, and the functional annotation was performed by the Fanflow4insects workflow. Next, we compared their amino acid sequences to identify gene mutations, identifying 729 mutated transcripts that were specific to the resistant strain. Among them, those defined previously as resistance genes were included. Additionally, enrichment analysis implicated DNA damage response, cell cycle regulation, insulin metabolism, and lysosomes in the development of pyrethroid resistance. Genome editing of these genes can provide insights into the evolution and mechanisms of insecticide resistance. This study expanded the target genes to monitor allele distribution and frequency changes, which will likely contribute to the assessment of resistance levels. These findings highlight the potential of genome-wide approaches to understand insecticide resistance in bed bugs.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".