Methane emission, nitrogen excretion, and energy partitioning in Hanwoo steers fed a typical TMR diet supplemented with Pharbitis nil seeds
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Two in vivo experiments were conducted to evaluate the potential of Pharbitis nil seeds (PA) as an anti-methanogenic additive to ruminant feed. In experiment 1, six Hanwoo steers (459.0 ± 25.8 kg) were fed either a total mixed ration (TMR; 32-d period) or TMR supplemented with PA at 5% dry matter (DM) intake (TMR-PA; 45-d period) for two consecutive periods. Fecal and urine outputs were measured in an apparent digestibility trial in both periods. Methane (CH4) yield and heat energy (HE) were measured using respiratory chambers equipped with gas analyzers. In experiment 2, five rumen cannulated Holstein steers (744 ± 35 kg) were fed the same TMR or TMR-PA diets for 40 days; rumen samples were collected at 0, 1.5, and 3 h after feeding on the last day of the feeding period. In experiment 1, although there were no differences (p > 0.05) in nutrients or gross energy intake (GEI) between the groups, an increase (p < 0.05) in the apparent digestibility of DM (9.1%) and neutral detergent fiber (22.9%) was observed in the TMR-PA fed Hanwoo steers. Pronounced decreases (p < 0.05) in CH4 (g/Kg DM; 17.1%) and urinary N excretion (% N intake; 7.6%) were observed in the TMR-PA group, leading to a 14.7% increase in metabolizable energy intake (% GEI). However, only a numerical increase (p > 0.05) in retained energy was observed due to the increase in HE loss. In experiment 2, a drastic decrease (p < 0.05) in rumen ammonia concentration (56.3%) associated with an increased (p = 0.091) rumen short-chain fatty acid concentration 1.5 h after feeding were observed in TMR-PA fed Holstein steers. A 26.6% increase (p < 0.05) in the propionate proportion during the treatment period clearly reflected a shift in the ruminal H2 sink after 3 h of feeding. A 40% reduction (p = 0.067) in the relative abundance of rumen protozoa Entodinium caudatum was also observed. It was concluded that PA could be a natural feed additive for CH4 and N emission abatement.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".