Establishing Secure Region for Covert Communication Based on Frequency Diverse Array
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This work investigates the frequency diverse array (FDA)-assisted covert communication system, in which the general beampattern generated by FDA is utilized to establish a secure region for the legitimate user, thereby improving the system’s covert performance. Specifically, we first derive a closedform expression of the system covertness constraint based on Kullback-Leibler (KL) divergence. Then, when the FDA beampattern power attenuates to a value that satisfies the covertness constraint, the secure region is defined and the corresponding boundary expression of which is also deduced. Furthermore, to reduce the risk of covert transmission being detected, the secure region minimization problem is established, while the methods based on the Rayleigh-Ritz theorem and nonlinear programming are formulated to solve the optimization problem, respectively. Simulation results compare the different frequency schemes and show that the optimized frequency leads to a smaller area of the secure region and lower KL divergence than the benchmark schemes.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.004 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".