ERS0: Enhancing Military Cybersecurity with AI-Driven SBOM for Firmware Vulnerability Detection and Asset Management
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Firmware vulnerability detection and asset management through a software bill of material (SBOM) approach is integral to defensive military operations. SBOMs provide a comprehensive list of software components, enabling military organizations to identify vulnerabilities within critical systems, including those controlling various functions in military platforms, as well as in operational technologies and Internet of Things devices. This proactive approach is essential for supply chain security, ensuring that software components are sourced from trusted suppliers and have not been tampered with during production, distribution, or through updates. It is a key element of defense strategies, allowing for rapid assessment, response, and mitigation of vulnerabilities, ultimately safeguarding military capabilities and information from cyber threats. In this paper, we propose ERS0, an SBOM system, driven by artificial intelligence (AI), for detecting firmware vulnerabilities and managing firmware assets. We harness the power of pre-trained large-scale language models to effectively address a wide array of string patterns, extending our coverage to thousands of third-party library patterns. Furthermore, we employ AI-powered code clone search models, enabling a more granular and precise search for vulnerabilities at the binary level, reducing our dependence on string analysis only. Additionally, our AI models extract high-level behavioral functionalities in firmware, such as communication and encryption, allowing us to quantitatively define the behavioral scope of firmware. In preliminary comparative assessments against open-source alternatives, our solution has demonstrated better SBOM coverage, accuracy in vulnerability identification, and a wider array of features.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".