Interruption Cost Estimation for Value-Based Reliability Investment in Emerging Smart Grid Resources
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Growing uncertainty in supply and demand in power systems causes significant challenges in maintaining supply reliability at affordable costs. Power grids are expected to undergo substantial transformations to address these challenges with upgrades and integration of emerging smart technologies that require significant investment costs. A value-based reliability assessment of these grid technologies is necessary to justify the worth of these investments. A key parameter required in such an assessment is the cost of power interruptions originating from transmission system failures. The interruption cost data available in published reports and past surveys relate to generation inadequacy since generation facilities comprise the most capital-intensive investment of an electric utility. Customer interruptions due to a lack of generation mainly occur due to generation failures during the peak demand period, whereas interruptions due to transmission component failures can occur at other periods with specific probabilities. This paper presents a methodology to estimate the cost of outages originating from transmission asset failures, which proposes a sector period model for each customer sector to obtain associated demand-normalized interruption costs. The proposed method can also be used to decide investment in grid resiliency enhancement against extreme weather that mainly impacts the grid network facilities.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".