Sub-chronic and acute toxicity of 6PPD-quinone to early-life stage rainbow trout ( <i>Oncorhynchus mykiss</i> )
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract N-(1,3-Dimethylbutyl)-N’-phenyl-p-phenylenediamine-quinone (6PPD-Q) is a derivative of rubber tires which leaches into surface waters when tire particles are swept into roadway runoff. 6PPD-Q has been identified as a potential cause of urban runoff mortality syndrome in coho salmon, and subsequent research has determined a wide species variation in toxicity among fishes. While adult rainbow trout are known to be sensitive, there is limited research on their early-life stages. Given that early-life stages of fish are often more sensitive than adults, the aim of these studies was to assess the acute and sub-chronic toxicity of 6PPD-Q in early-life stage rainbow trout. Rainbow trout alevins were exposed from hatch until 28 days post-hatch (dph) to time-weighted average 6PPD-Q concentrations ranging from 0.06-2.35 μ g/L. From these studies, a 28-day median lethal dose (LC 50 ) of 0.56 μ g/L was derived. Morphological deformities were observed during the exposure period, including pooling of blood in the caudal fin. A follow-up acute study with exogenously feeding rainbow trout fry revealed a 96-hour LC 50 of 0.47 μ g/L. These studies indicate that early-life stage rainbow trout are more sensitive than previously studied sub-adults, with exogenously feeding fry being the most sensitive life stage studied so far, and that sub-chronic exposure to 6PPD-Q can result in developmental abnormalities. This research highlights the importance of utilizing early-life stage studies to determine the most sensitive benchmark concentrations and their value in determining sub-lethal effects.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".