Four-Year Trajectories of Symptoms and Quality of Life in Individuals Hospitalized After Mild Traumatic Brain Injury
Bibliographic record
Abstract
OBJECTIVES: To (1) detect distinct trajectories of symptoms and quality of life (QoL) over the first 4 years after mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI); (2) assess the relationship between symptom trajectory membership and QoL trajectory membership; and (3) identify participant characteristics associated with QoL trajectory membership. DESIGN: Prospective longitudinal cohort study. Assessments occurred at 4, 8, 12, 24, 36, and 48 months after mTBI. SETTING: Recruitment occurred in Level 1 Trauma Centers; follow-up was completed in the community. PARTICIPANTS: Participants were 143 adults (aged 18-65y) who sustained an mTBI and were hospitalized (≥24h) at a Level 1 Trauma Center. INTERVENTIONS: Not applicable. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Fatigue Severity Scale, Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, Insomnia Severity Index, Medical Outcomes Study Cognitive Functioning Scale, Quality of Life after Brain Injury questionnaire, presence/absence of headaches or dizziness. RESULTS: Group-based trajectory modeling revealed relatively stable symptom and QoL trajectories over time. Considerable percentages of participants were classified in trajectories of clinically significant symptoms throughout the full follow-up period: 62% for subjective cognitive issues, 54% for fatigue, 44% for anxiety, 43% for insomnia, 27% for depression, 23% for headaches, and 17% for dizziness. Sixty-six percent of participants belonged to trajectories of persistently poor QoL. For all symptoms, trajectories of greater severity were associated with trajectories of poorer QoL. None of the sociodemographic or injury-related variables examined were associated with QoL trajectory membership. CONCLUSIONS: A substantial proportion of individuals hospitalized after mTBI experiences clinically significant persistent symptoms ≤4 years after injury, and those with more severe symptoms have poorer QoL. Further research is required to better understand the factors leading to symptom persistence and poor QoL.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.005 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".