Development and deployment of a solid oral amphotericin B dosage form to treat visceral leishmaniasis within a pediatric population
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is a severe and potentially fatal infection, with over 90% of reported cases occurring in East African countries including Chad, Djibouti, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Kenya, Somalia, South Sudan, Sudan, and Uganda, affecting mainly impoverished individuals, and creating a significant economic burden. Currently, the intravenous single-dose liposomal amphotericin B is the first choice for the treatment of VL. Recently, WHO and DNDi have suggested a combination of intravenous liposomal amphotericin B and oral miltefosine as a potential approach to treat VL. However, miltefosine availability is uncertain, and its side effects frequently cause treatment to be discontinued. Furthermore, due to the difficult route of liposomal amphotericin B administration by intravenous infusion, the lack of formulation's tropical stability, accessibility, injection toxicity, and cost have prevented this injectable formulation of amphotericin B from reaching the most infected populations, particularly the pediatric population. To solve this problem, the development of a solid oral amphotericin B formulation that is cost-effective, safe, tropically stable, and easy to swallow, making it more accessible to children, particularly in rural communities having limited access to medical clinics or trained healthcare professionals is imperative. This viewpoint will discuss the opportunities and challenges of developing an oral amphotericin B formulation for a pediatric population.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".