Hydraulic conductivity of air-dried bentonite–sand blocks permeated with synthetic groundwater from radioactive waste repository
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Laboratory experiments were conducted to evaluate the impact of drying cracks on hydraulic conductivity of compacted bentonite–sand blocks used as engineered barriers for radioactive waste disposal. Blocks were air-dried in an indoor environment to simulate the worst scenario without protection from drying during the interim storage and installation of the block. Synthetic groundwaters around the promising repository area were used as permeant solutions to study the hydraulic conductivity of air-dried blocks. Air-dried block samples were scanned by computed tomography (CT) before and after permeation to visualize the healing of drying cracks. Results show that swelling of the blocks was suppressed by the chemical components in the synthetic groundwater, and hydraulic conductivity of the block increased slightly (<4×) when permeated with the synthetic groundwater than those permeated with deionized water. Hydraulic conductivity of the air-dried block with cracks was slightly higher (<3×) than the hydraulic conductivity of the fresh block without cracks, indicating the remained swelling of the block permeated with synthetic groundwaters is sufficient to heal drying cracks. The healing of drying cracks was also quantified by CT images. These findings can increase the tolerance of drying cracks during block storage and installation.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".