Ultrasonic interrogation of a clayey tailings during sedimentation–consolidation
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Ultrasonic methods are used for non-destructive detection of changes of low-strain properties in concrete, soils, and other materials. This paper presents the use of ultrasonics to detect density and structure changes in a soft clayey tailings. Such tailings undergo sedimentation and consolidation following their deposition, which may occur simultaneously with flocculation and other fabric-altering processes, resulting in time-dependent consolidation characteristics. Here we attempt to measure structural changes in the clayey tailings using ultrasonics, which presents several challenges due to the material’s relative softness. Ultrasonics testing was attempted using a special 3D printed column with height and diameter of 540 and 110 mm, respectively. Specially fabricated sample holders were designed to repeatedly ensure proper connections of compression (P-wave) and shear (S-wave) wave transducers. The arrival time corresponding to the largest P-wave amplitude showed a strong correlation with density of the tailings, while a specific frequency bandwidth of the P-wave spectra indicates an increase in wave amplitude (signal energy) occurring subsequent to most of the volume change. Ultrasonic measurements appear to be a promising technique to monitor density and stiffness in soft clays, tailings, and similar soft sediments.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".