Impaired perception of isoluminant red-green contrast modulation stimuli: Evidence for a magnocellular pathway mechanism.
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Parasol retinal ganglion cells form the magnocellular pathway and support perception of achromatic visual stimuli at high temporal frequencies (TF) and low spatial frequencies (SF). Parasol cells also exhibit nonlinear behavior like that of Y-type retinal ganglion cells in the cat, giving a second harmonic response at high spatiotemporal frequencies, and therefore can be considered "Y-like" cells. Previous neurophysiology showed that responses to contrast modulation (CM) stimuli, composed of a high SF grating (carrier) whose contrast is modulated by a low SF sinewave (envelope), are driven by the nonlinear subunits of Y-like cells. Recent human psychophysics has shown that direction discrimination of CMs at high spatiotemporal carrier frequencies may reflect nonlinear processing of Y-like cells (Ramirez et al, 2022). Since Y-like cells do not process color, CM motion direction discrimination should be impaired at isoluminance. It is commonly known that motion is absent or reduced at isoluminance. However, residual motion performance might be mediated by the luminance pathway, as indicated by impaired chromatic motion when adding luminance noise. Healthy normal subjects monocularly viewed luminant yellow-black (Y-B) or isoluminant red-green (R-G) CMs presented at the center of a CRT monitor while fixating eccentrically. They reported the direction of the moving envelope. Within each block of trials, envelope contrast for Y-B and R-G CMs was varied with the method of constant-stimuli. Superimposed 1-D luminance (Y-B) noise was added at different contrast levels. We found that subjects could discriminate motion direction for both kinds of stimuli in the absence of masking noise. Luminance (Y-B) noise maskers affected performance of Y-B CMs only when above the masker's own detection threshold, while R-G CMs were impaired at substantially lower noise contrasts. These results are consistent with our hypothesis that CM responses are driven by Y-like neurons in the magnocellular pathway.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".