Watershed inputs of suspended sediment drive patterns of total phosphorus in Chequamegon Bay, Lake Superior
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Lake Superior is considered the least anthropogenically stressed and has the lowest offshore phosphorus (P) concentrations of the five Laurentian Great Lakes. However, nearshore habitats in Lake Superior are showing evidence of nutrient related stress. We examined drivers of total P dynamics in Chequamegon Bay, a shallow embayment in southwestern Lake Superior located in a region of the Laurentian Great Lakes that is primarily forested with low human development. Over a nine-year period (2014–2022) we measured total and soluble reactive phosphorus (TP and SRP, respectively), total suspended solids (TSS), and chlorophyll- a (Chl- a ) at 12 locations distributed across Chequamegon Bay. Path analysis revealed that TP in this region of Lake Superior is largely sediment bound and driven by watershed inputs of suspended sediment. SRP and Chl- a make up only a small portion of TP. TP and TSS were highly correlated, with a stronger correlation at the most nearshore locations and following extreme precipitation events in 2016 and 2018. TP and Chl- a had a weak positive correlation at low TP concentrations, and lack of correlation at high TP concentrations. This suggests that despite high TP inputs from runoff events, Chl- a response was minimal, likely due to low light availability and limited bioavailability of sediment-bound P. Understanding conditions where episodic inputs of TP could contribute to the reactive P pool and how hydrodynamics affect biogeochemical processes and algal response to nutrient inputs are critical to understanding how an expected increase in extreme events will influence nearshore water quality in large lakes.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".