Microstructural Changes in the Plastid Genome of Zea: Evolutionary Insights
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This study explores the evolutionary dynamics within the genus Zea by analyzing complete plastid genomes. The research sequenced plastomes from five Zea species, identifying 193 indels and 15 inversions, with tandem repeat indels being the most prevalent microstructural changes. Divergence times were estimated, revealing that the stem lineage of all Zea species diverged approximately 176 000 years before present (YBP), with mutation rates ranging from 1.7E-8 to 3.5E-8 changes per site per year. Additionally, the study examined plastome diversity within Zea mays , identifying 124 polymorphic loci and 27 distinct haplotypes, which reflect the geographic structuring of nuclear gene pools in South American maize landraces. The findings underscore the non-uniform rates of microstructural changes despite close taxonomic relationships and provide a comprehensive framework for understanding evolutionary processes at low taxonomic levels. This research contributes significantly to the phylogenomic knowledge of Zea , confirming previous mitochondrial and nuclear data analyses and highlighting the importance of plastid genome studies in elucidating evolutionary histories.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".