Characterizing the Complex Permittivity of an Isotropic Scatterer in a Homogeneous Environment Using an Open-Ended Coaxial Probe
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Electromagnetic-based biomedical technologies often depend on accurately estimating tissues' dielectric properties. The open-ended coaxial probe (OECP) technique is one of the simplest and most commonly used methods to obtain the complex permittivity of tissues over the radio or microwave frequency ranges. However, when considering diseased tissues, we encounter tissue heterogeneities, which alter the measured parameters. To quantify this effect, we focus on characterizing an isotropic scatterer within an otherwise homogeneous medium using OECPs. We present an analytical model relating the reflection coefficient to the scatterer properties and derive a closed-form expression for the effective measured admittance. Based on full-wave simulations, we demonstrate that our theoretical model provides accurate estimates of the scatterer permittivity. We use the analytical model to characterize the sensing depth of different OECP systems, providing a performance guideline.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".