Handover for Multi-Beam LEO Satellite Networks: A Multi-Objective Reinforcement Learning Method
Bibliographic record
Abstract
In multi-beam low-earth orbit (LEO) satellite networks, frequent handovers between intra-satellite and inter-satellite beams are inevitable. In this letter, we design a beam handover strategy based on the multi-objective reinforcement learning (MORL) method to achieve seamless and effective handover between multiple beams of LEO satellites. We first model the handover optimization problem of the multi-beam LEO satellite networks as a multi-objective optimization (MOO) problem to jointly maximize throughput, minimize the handover frequency, and keep the network load balanced. On this basis, we convert the MOO problem into a multi-objective Markov decision process (MOMDP), and utilize an MORL method, called multi-objective deep Q-learning network (MODQN), to learn and achieve the optimal solution. Simulation results show the effectiveness and superiority of the proposed handover scheme.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".