Second-Order Self-Supervised Learning for Breast Cancer Classification
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Multiple instance learning (MIL), which adopts instance-level feature encoders in a weakly supervised manner, efficiently classifies cancers on whole slide images (WSis). Nevertheless, the lack of fine-grained annotation samples still limits the performance of existing MIL models. Therefore, we propose a second-order self-supervised learning method integrated with the MIL structure, called SoS2MIL, for breast cancer classification. Specifically, SoS2MIL explores intrinsic structural information within WSI instances using self-supervised learning that does not require label information to identify discriminative instances. Then, it improves the instance-level classifier concentration by introducing second-order pooling in a visual perception module. Besides, a grouping strategy is proposed to reduce the computational cost of second-order calculations and effectively approximate feature distributions by combining first-order features. Experimental results on public and private datasets verify its effectiveness and competitiveness with the state-of-the-art MIL works.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".