Vulnerabilities of Automatic Dependent Surveillance-Broadcast on Aircraft: Survey
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Transport Canada and NAV Canada have mandated that aircraft be fitted with Automatic Dependent Surveillance-Broadcast (ADS-B) capability [1]. This mandate currently applies to aircraft flying in some airspace classes, with plans to expand it to other classes in the future. ADS-B, which relies on ground-based and space-based systems, is used to determine the position, speed and other parameters of an aircraft fitted with an ADS-B Out system [2]. However, there are security concerns and potential vulnerabilities in ADS-B. Attacks pose serious security concerns to the aviation industry for both civilian and military aircraft. Attacks vary from eavesdropping to data modification and jamming [2]–[5]. This paper will first briefly describe ADS-B and survey existing ADS-B vulnerabilities to gain a better understanding of threats against that technology. This paper will also study potential solutions, such as encryption and authentication, that can mitigate vulnerabilities.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.003 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".