Bibliographic record
Abstract
In his 1904 The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism, Max Weber famously questioned the relationship between religionparticularly Protestant Christianity -and the development of capitalism as a mode of production and social organization.Weber argued that the Calvinist belief in predestination led to the kind of work ethic and behaviour that made the emergence of capitalism possible.In his 2022 Religion and the Rise of Capitalism, Benjamin M. Friedman contributes to this Weberian account through the perspective and scholarship of an economist.Though, rather than focusing on the relationship between behaviour and belief, Friedman traces how ideas that were once rooted in Christian theology informed, and continue to inform, economic theory.His thesis, against Weber, is that it was an explicit turning away from a Calvinist belief in predestination at the end of the eighteenth century in Scotland and England, and later in the United States, that shaped the emergence and development of capitalist economic theory (xiii, 165-68).The prime example of this thesis is Adam Smith's The Wealth of Nations (1776).Friedman's book is divided into fifteen chapters.The first chapter presents his understanding of a "worldview": the ideas and concepts that people carry as a consequence of their social, cultural, and historical context, and which influence them regardless of their conscious awareness (6)(7)(8)(9)(10)(11) 28).Chapters two to four focus on Adam Smith, whose Wealth of Nations became foundational for the academic discipline of economics.Focusing his analysis on the context of the Scottish Enlightenment, Friedman situates Smith as a thinker who was active in the theological and ethical debates that occurred within the intellectual associations he belonged to.Chapters 5 and 6 provide the wider context of these debates and better insight
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.003 | 0.007 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.003 | 0.005 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.002 | 0.003 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".