Proteomics fingerprinting reveals importance of iron and oxidative stress in Streptomyces scabies–Solanum tuberosum interactions
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Introduction The Gram-positive actinobacterium Streptomyces scabies is the major causal agent of potato common scab. The main pathogenicity factor is thaxtomin A, a phytotoxin that causes atypical cell death, although other secondary metabolites have been described to play a role in S. scabies virulence. Despite this, many aspects of the interaction between S. scabies and its primary host Solanum tuberosum L. remain to be elucidated. Methods Intracellular proteins of S. scabies EF-35 grown in the presence of in vitro produced tubers (microtubers) of the Russet Burbank and Yukon Gold potato cultivars were extracted and analysed by electrospray mass spectrometry (ES MS/MS). Based on the results of proteomic analysis, iron quantification by ICP-MS and nitrite quantification using Griess reagent in growth media as well as RT-qPCR analysis of the siderophore pyochelin gene expression were performed in the presence and absence of microtubers. Hydrogen peroxide accumulation was also determined in the nutrient medium used for co-cultivation of bacteria and potato microtubers. Results Potato microtubers caused an increase in the content of bacterial proteins involved in stress and defense, secondary metabolism, and cell differentiation, as well as secreted proteins. Co-cultivation with potato microtubers induced the accumulation of S. scabies proteins implicated in siderophore pyochelin biosynthesis, nitrite production and oxidative stress perception and response. The increase in the abundance of proteins related to pyochelin biosynthesis was consistent with a significant decrease in the iron content in the culture medium, as well as with induction of expression of pyochelin biosynthesis genes. Elevated nitrite/sulfite reductase protein levels were associated with increased nitrite excretion by S. scabies cells in the presence of host microtubers. The increase in the levels of proteins associated with signaling and oxidative stress response could have been caused by the accumulation of ROS, in particular hydrogen peroxide, detected in the studied system. Discussion These findings show that interactions of S. scabies with living potato microtubers induce the production of secondary metabolites, defense responses, and protection from oxidative stress. This study suggests the importance of iron during host - S. scabies interactions, resulting in competition between pathogen and its host.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".