Experimental study on mechanical and acoustic emission characteristics of red sandstone containing combined flaws of hole–fissure under biaxial compression
Bibliographic record
Abstract
To investigate the mechanical behaviour and failure mechanism of flawed rock masses under biaxial stress conditions, a series of biaxial compression experiments are conducted on red sandstone specimens containing combined flaws of the circular hole and perforated symmetric fissure combined with acoustic emission (AE) technology in this work. The results show a close association between the stress–strain curve morphology and confining stress, both the biaxial compression strength and elastic modulus exhibit an upward trend with increasing fissure angle and confining stress. The maximum AE energy and cumulative AE energy both increase with higher confining stress. The crack types in the specimens are identified by analyzing the average frequency/rise time/amplitude value distribution, revealing a gradual decrease in the percentage of tensile cracks with increasing fissure angle. An AE localization algorithm based on the least absolute value method is applied to pinpoint AE events during biaxial compression, and AE events distribution is analyzed through the kernel density estimation. The crack extension behaviour is described based on the movement of the maximum kernel density points, which initially exhibits a progression from both ends of the specimen toward the central region and subsequently from the central fissure tip toward the two ends.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".