Modernization of Nigeria’s Mining Industry: The Case for Participation and Sustainable Development of Local Communities
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract To retract from its overdependence on crude oil fortunes and be a participant in the green energy economy, Nigeria has recently begun to revive and modernize its mining industry. The modernization is driven by the Nigerian Minerals and Mining Act, 2007 (NMMA) and Regulations promulgated thereunder. This paper examines whether and to what extent the NMMA and the Regulations provide sufficient legal architecture for local communities to meaningfully participate in mineral development decisions and processes in ways that advance the course of their sustainable development. It acknowledges that participation or meaningful consultation with local communities in regard to decisions or activities pertaining to resource development is a modern strategy for ensuring that local communities obtain the benefits of sustainable development and measures the compliance of the NMMA and its Regulations against the standard tools developed under international law. It attributes the human and environmental sustainability crisis in the Niger Delta region to the failure of the Nigerian government to involve the oil host communities early on in the oil development and governance scheme and warns that Nigeria should not repeat the same error as it embarks on modernizing the solid mineral industry.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.007 | 0.005 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.003 | 0.005 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.005 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.003 | 0.003 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".