Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease in Patients Presenting with Heart Failure
Bibliographic record
Abstract
IntroductionCongestive heart failure befalls in which heart becomes unable to pump the apt amount of blood and oxygen 1 required to meet the demands of the body .It is a major public health issue causing a significant number of premature morbidity and mortality and reduced quality 2 of life all around the globe .According to 2021 statistical report of American Heart Association (AHA), the prevalence of heart failure is estimated to be 6 million which 3 is around 1.8% of the total population of United States .Other reports showed the prevalence of heart failure in Europe to be 1-2% and in U.S. and Canada to be 1.5-4 1.9% .In Pakistan, the incidence of HF was reported as 14.75% in 2008, 19.32% in 2009 and 22.87% in 5 2010 out of total admissions into the cardiology unit.Chronic inflammatory condition causing persistent limitation of airflow from the lungs may be called as 6 COPD .It is also a serious public health concern, and mortality caused by COPD is expected to increase greatly in future.In 2019, the prevalence of COPD was estimated to be around 10.3% among individuals aged 30-79 years in low and middle income countries.In South Asian countries, the reported COPD cases were approximately 7 109.3 million .In Pakistan, the estimated prevalence of 8 COPD is 2.1% in individuals ages 40 years or more . 9Gold standard for the diagnosis of COPD is spirometry .HF and COPD seem to coexist more frequently than expected from their separate prevalence, leading to poor prognosis and increased mortality.Both conditions share common risk factors such as advanced age and AbstractObjective: To determine the frequency of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in patients presenting with Congestive Heart Failure.Methods: This cross sectional study was undertaken in Department of Internal Medicine, Combined Military Hospital, Lahore, from September 2015 to March 2016.100 cases fulfilling inclusion criteria were enrolled in study through purposive sampling technique.Pulmonary function test was performed in patients by using spirometry to measure their forced vital capacity (FVC), forced expiratory volume in the first second (FEV1) and FVC to FEV1 ratio.If the levels of spirometry assessment were low, then the patient was labeled as having poor pulmonary function.All the data was entered and analyzed utilizing SPSS version 26.Results: In this study, the mean age of the patients was 60.31±11.08years.There were 64(64.0%)males and 36(36.0%)females.The male to female ratio was 1.7:1.The mean values of FVC, FEV1, and FVC/FEV1 ratio of the patients were 80.30±7.26,59.75±5.99,and 0.75±0.102,respectively.The COPD was observed in 33(33%) patients with CHF.There was no statistically significant difference between the age group and gender with COPD (p>0.05). Conclusion:The prevalence of COPD is substantial in patients admitted with CHF (33.0%).Therefore, spirometry ought to be done earlier in CHF patients to timely diagnose COPD, if present.So that early and appropriate therapeutic strategies can be planned to improve the prognosis and quality of life in such patients.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.009 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".