Broadband 1.45–2.1 μm luminescence in Er3+/Tm3+/Yb3+ tri-doped bismuth-germanate glasses
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Optical properties of novel Er 3+ -doped, Er 3+ /Yb 3+ and Er 3+ /Tm 3+ co-doped and Er 3+ /Tm 3+ /Yb 3+ tri-doped bismuth-germanate glasses were fabricated. Thermal characterization by differential scanning calorimetry showed the suitability of the glass for fiber drawing. Tri-doped sample presented a broadband luminescence spectrum ranging from 1450 to 2100 nm when it was excited by 980 and 1480 nm laser diodes. Energy transfer mechanisms from the donor (Yb 3+ , Er 3+ ) to acceptor (Er 3+ , Tm 3+ ) ions were found out to be the cause of the intense luminescence with broad bandwidth which can be tailored through doping content and concentration. It was observed that the Tm 3+ addition helps broadening the luminescence spectrum, while the Yb 3+ incorporation enhances the emission intensity. This study provides insightful contributions to the possibility of signal amplification in L + U-bands and beyond, up to 2100 nm. • A broadband emission spectrum from 1450 to 2100 nm was obtained by Er 3+ /Tm 3+ /Yb 3+ tri-doping of bismuth-germanate glass. • Thermal, optical and spectroscopic properties were examined under different doping approaches. • The addition of Tm 3+ broadened the emission spectrum while the Yb 3+ increased the luminescence intensity of Er 3+ and Tm 3+ . • The effects of 980 and 1480 nm excitation on the luminescence intensity and decay times of Er 3+ and Tm 3+ ions were studied.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".