Effects of Amphotericin B‐Conjugated Functionalized Carbon Nanoparticles in the Treatment of Cutaneous Leishmaniasis
Bibliographic record
Abstract
ABSTRACT Leishmaniasis is a parasitic disease spread by the bite of an infected sandfly and caused by protozoan parasites of the genus Leishmania . Currently, there is no vaccine available for leishmaniasis in humans, and the existing chemotherapy methods face various clinical challenges. The majority of drugs are limited to a few toxic compounds, with some parasite strains developing resistance. Therefore, the discovery and development of a new anti‐leishmanial compound is crucial. One promising strategy involves the use of nanoparticle delivery systems to accelerate the effectiveness of existing treatments. In this study, Amphotericin B (AmB) was incorporated into functionalized carbon nanotube (f‐CNT) and evaluated for its efficacy against Leishmania major in vitro and in a BALB/c mice model. The increase in footpad thickness was measured, and real‐time PCR was used to quantify the parasite load post‐infection. Levels of nitric oxide and cytokines IL‐4 and IFN‐γ were also determined. We found that f‐CNT‐AmB significantly reduced the levels of promastigotes and amastigotes of the Leishmania parasite. The nanoparticle showed strong anti‐leishmanial activity with an IC 50 of 0.00494 ± 0.00095 mg/mL for promastigotes and EC 50 of 0.00294 ± 0.00065 mg/mL for amastigotes at 72 h post‐infection, without causing harm to mice macrophages. Treatment of infected BALB/c mice with f‐CNT‐AmB resulted in a significant decrease in cutaneous leishmania (CL) lesion size in the foot pad, as well as reduced Leishmania burden in both lymph nodes and spleen. The levels of nitric oxide and IFN‐γ significantly increased in the f‐CNT‐AmB treated groups. Also, our results showed that the level of IL‐4 significantly decreased after f‐CNT‐AmB treatment in comparison to other groups. In conclusion, our results demonstrate that AmB loaded into f‐CNT is significantly more effective than AmB alone in inhibiting parasite propagation and promoting a shift towards a Th1 response.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".