Abstract We090: Antagonistic and Cooperative Dynamics of Irx3 and Irx4 in Ventricular Compaction
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Left ventricular non-compaction cardiomyopathy (LVNC) is a rare heart condition characterized by excessive trabeculae and intertrabecular recesses in the left ventricle of the heart. It is believed to be caused by abnormal trabecular compaction process, which involves trabecular remodelling to form a thick myocardial wall. Embryonic trabeculae consist of bipotent progenitors that differentiate into the ventricular conduction system (VCS) and contractile cardiomyocytes, yet it remains to be further understood how the pathways involved in trabecular cell specifications play a role in the compaction process. Here we present two transcription factors, Iroquois homeobox 3 (Irx3) and Irx4, playing antagonistic and cooperative roles during trabecular specification and maturation, thereby facilitating proper ventricular compaction. Our single-cell RNA sequencing analysis revealed that the differentiation of trabecular cells into VCS cells was accompanied by increased Irx3 but decreased Irx4 expression. In addition, we found that the loss of Irx4 led to both an increased expression level of Irx3 and an expansion in the number of Irx3-expressing cells. Conversely, the loss of Irx3 resulted in an upregulation of Irx4 expression within VCS cells. Next, to investigate the functional importance of the antagonistic relationship between Irx3 and Irx4 in trabecular differentiation, we generated Irx3 and Irx4 compound knockout (KO) mice and examined the structure and function of their hearts. Notably, unlike Irx3 KO hearts showing normal ventricular myocardium, Irx4 KO hearts exhibited mild LVNC, and Irx3 and Irx4 double knockouts (Irx3/4dKO) hearts displayed severe LVNC. Multiome sequencing of E14.5 ventricles revealed that Irx3/4dKO ventricles contained an increased number of trabecular cells, expressing higher levels of cell proliferation markers and altered trabecular identity genes, compared to littermate controls. Collectively, our results demonstrate that balanced antagonism between Irx3 and Irx4 is crucial for establishing trabecular identity. This highlights the importance of proper differentiation of trabeculae into the VCS and non-VCS contractile cells during ventricular compaction, thereby preventing noncompaction cardiomyopathy.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".