Error assessment of reconstructed 3D Digital Replica Models: From Computed Tomography data to pore-scale simulations
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
The application of flow simulations on porous media, reconstructed through Computerised Tomography (CT) scans, has emerged as a prevalent methodology for the computation of rock permeability. However, constructing a proper 3D model of a rock sample is a real challenge, mainly due to the lack of a unified procedure. Indeed, to ensure precise outcomes, specific prerequisites must be fulfilled. This paper proposes a methodology to assess the convergence and accuracy of computed solutions from CT data to pore-scale simulations. Starting from 3D volume data obtained by X-ray CT, we develop a workflow to investigate the effects of the reconstructed shape on the permeability of a granular porous medium composed of glass beads. Indeed, the choices of CT scan resolution and digital rock discretization can compromise the quality and computational cost of numerical results. Especially in configurations of porous media with high solid volume fractions and very narrow porous spaces, as observed in solid/solid contact zones, which can be either under or over-resolved depending on the numerical tools used. Highly resolved Direct Numerical Simulations (DNS) are conducted to solve incompressible Navier–Stokes equations through porous media. Body-fitted meshes are employed to resolve irregular shapes accurately, ensuring precise results even with coarser meshes. The methodology is validated with challenging simulations of flows through simple cubic close packing of particles, incorporating various geometric surface modeling techniques. A convergence of the results with respect to grid resolution is obtained for low- to moderate-Reynolds-number flows. The numerical results indicate that permeability calculation strongly depends on surface processing. Finally, we apply these recommendations to construct accurate digital replica models generated from CT data of our assembly of randomly arranged glass beads in a tube. The study of the pressure drop convergence demonstrates an excellent agreement with the empirical correlation. • Methodology to assess digital replica accuracy from CT data to 3D pore-scale simulations. • Highly resolved Direct Numerical Simulations have been performed for porous media. • 2nd-order convergence for low porosity and low- to moderate-Reynolds-number flows. • Permeability calculation strongly depends on the surface geometric modeling of solids. • Particle surfaces are obtained from a Medical-CT scan in STL format.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it