Zinc gluconate protects against plant virus infection in tomato and <i>Nicotiana benthamiana</i> plants
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Plant viruses cause significant damage to global crop protection, since they can reduce plant quality and quantity, and the estimated annual cost of virus-induced damage is approximately $30 billion. Tomato mosaic virus (ToMV), a member of the Tobamovirus genus, presents a major threat to tomatoes and other solanaceous plants. Agricultural chemicals, including plant growth regulators, are commonly used to control the spread of pathogens, but these can be ineffective against viruses. In this study, we aimed to develop an antiviral agent using micronutrients such as zinc, iron, and copper. The plant virus disease control effects of these micronutrients was evaluated by applying zinc gluconate (ZnGluc), iron gluconate (FeGluc), and copper gluconate, (CuGluc) solutions to Nicotiana benthamiana plants that were subsequently inoculated with ToMV. Our results showed that ZnGluc exhibited the highest disease control activity and did not cause phytotoxic effects. Further analysis via quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction analysis confirmed these findings. In addition, a mixture of ZnGluc and proanthocyanidins sourced from Alpinia zerumbet extracts exerted a synergistic disease control effect. Overall, we provide the first evidence that micronutrients, especially ZnGluc, exhibit significant disease control activity against ToMV, and thereby suggest that these treatments have potential as an agricultural chemical.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".