Reference Range of Quantitative MRI Metrics Corrected T1 and Liver Fat Content in Children and Young Adults: Pooled Participant Analysis
Bibliographic record
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Multiparametric MRI markers of liver health corrected T1 (cT1) and proton density fat fraction (PDFF) have shown utility in the management of various chronic liver diseases. We assessed the normal population reference range of both cT1 and PDFF in healthy child and adult volunteers without any known liver disease. METHODS: A retrospective multi-centre pooled analysis of 102 child and young adult (9.1 years (6-18)) volunteers from three centres: Children's Memorial Health Institute (N = 21), University Hospital Southampton (N = 28) and Hospital Infantil de Mexico (N = 53). Sex and ethnic differences were investigated for both cT1 and PDFF. Age effects were investigated with comparison to a pooled adult cohort from the UK Biobank (N = 500) and CoverScan (N = 71), covering an age range of 21 to 81 years. RESULTS: cT1 values were normally distributed with a median of 748 ms (IQR: 725-768 ms; 2.5-97.5 percentiles: 683-820 ms). PDFF values followed a normal distribution with a median of 1.7% (IQR: 1.3-1.9%; 2.5-97.5 percentiles: 1-4.4%). There were no significant age and sex differences in cT1 and PDFF between children and young adults. No differences in cT1 and PDFF were found between ethnicities. Age comparisons showed statistically significant, but clinically negligible, cT1 (748 ms vs. 732 ms) and PDFF (2.4% vs. 1.9%) differences between paediatric and adult groups, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Median healthy cT1 and PDFF reference ranges in children and young adults fall within the reported limits for normal of 800 ms and 5%, respectively.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".