An Alternative to Conventional Antibiotics - The Antimicrobial Properties of Deacetylated Chitin Extracted from Gongronella Butleri: A Research Protocol
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a growing threat to global public health and development. It is estimated that AMR was directly responsible for 1.27 million deaths worldwide in 2019. Due to the superfluous use of antibiotics, AMR is increasingly widespread, and bacterial infections are becoming more difficult to treat. Chitin is a potential alternative that has demonstrated antimicrobial properties. Most commonly extracted from insects and crustaceans, chitin can also be found in the cell walls of fungi. In previously performed experiments, the results supported the hypothesis that chitin derived from crustaceans and insects displayed antimicrobial properties. Due to the different chemical composition and attributes of fungal chitin, this study will explore whether fungal chitin also displays antimicrobial properties. In this experiment, chitin will be extracted from Gongronella butleri fungus and will be deacetylated into two degrees of deacetylation (70% and 90%) to form chitosan in liquid form. Chitosan easily interacts with the bacterial cell wall and inhibits the formation of the cell wall. The chitosan will then be added to two bacterial cultures, Staphylococcus aureus (Gram-positive) and Escherichia coli (Gram-negative), and the diameter of inhibition will be assessed to determine the efficacy of chitosan as an antimicrobial agent. The control Petri dishes will contain the most common antibiotic used for each bacterial culture (penicillin for S. aureus and streptomycin for E. coli). The results will be analyzed using a two-way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) test. It is anticipated that chitosan will inhibit the growth of both bacterial cultures. It is expected that the low-molecular-weight chitosan will be more effective against E. coli and the high-molecular-weight chitosan will be more effective against S. aureus. If the diameter of inhibition of the bacterial cultures with chitosan is equal to or greater than the diameter of inhibition of the control, then it can be concluded that chitosan is an effective antimicrobial agent. The results will indicate whether fungal chitin has antimicrobial properties and can be used as an alternative to antibiotics. This experiment can be expanded, to test how metal salts, temperature, pH, and varying degrees of deacetylation influence the antimicrobial properties of chitin.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.004 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".