Keratoconus cases associated with medication use: population-based pharmacovigilance study
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Keratoconus (KC) has been linked to atopy, connective tissue disorders, and mechanical trauma from repeated eye rubbing. However, evidence suggesting that certain medications may exacerbate or potentially trigger KC remains largely limited to case reports. This population-based, real-world pharmacovigilance analysis aimed to comprehensively investigate associations between drugs and reports of KC using data from the Food and Drug Administration Adverse Event Reporting System (FAERS). Overall, several pharmacologic agents were associated with disproportionately high reports of KC, including sex hormones such as progesterone and estradiol, olopatadine, isotretinoin, methylphenidate, spironolactone, antipsychotics such as aripiprazole and risperidone, and dupilumab. These results underscore the need for increased clinical vigilance in monitoring for early signs of KC in patients prescribed these medications. Furthermore, healthcare providers should be aware of the potential drug-related associations for KC, especially in high-risk groups.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".