Choroid Plexus Volume in Rural Chinese Older Adults: Distribution and Association With Cardiovascular Risk Factors and Cerebral Small Vessel Disease
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Background The choroid plexus (CP) is involved in neurodegenerative diseases. However, the association of CP with cardiovascular risk factors and cerebral small vessel disease in older adults remains unclear. Methods and Results This population‐based study included 1263 participants (60 years and older) from the MIND‐China (Multimodal Interventions to Delay Dementia and Disability in Rural China) substudy (2018–2020), of which 111 individuals completed diffusion tensor imaging examination. CP volume was automatically segmented. White matter hyperintensities (WMHs), enlarged perivascular spaces (EPVS), cerebral microbleeds, and lacunes were assessed following the Standards for Reporting Vascular Changes on Neuroimaging 1. Peak width of skeletonized mean diffusivity and free water were derived from diffusion tensor imaging images. We used linear regression models to evaluate the association between CP volume and cardiovascular risk factors, WMH volumes, and diffusion tensor imaging metrics, and logistic regression models to examine the association between CP volume and EPVS, cerebral microbleeds, and lacunes. The CP volume increased with age ( P <0.001). Men (β coefficient=0.47 [95% CI, 0.29–0.64]) and participants with diabetes (β coefficient=0.16 [95% CI, 0.01–0.31]) had larger CP volumes than women and individuals without diabetes, respectively ( P <0.05). Greater CP volume was significantly associated with larger total and periventricular WMH volumes and moderate to severe EPVS in basal ganglia ( P <0.05) but not with deep WMHs, EPVS in centrum semiovale, lacunes, or cerebral microbleeds. In the diffusion tensor imaging subsample, enlarged CP was significantly associated with higher peak width of skeletonized mean diffusivity and free water of periventricular and deep white matter ( P <0.05). Conclusions An enlarged CP is associated with larger global and periventricular WMH volume and higher likelihoods of EPVS in basal ganglia and impaired white matter integrity, suggesting that an enlarged CP may represent a precursor of cerebral small vessel disease.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".