Frequency Analysis of Pulse-Width Modulation on All-Digital Transmitters
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This work investigates the frequency spectrum in the modulator and up-conversion outputs of a generic all-digital transmitter architecture. Considering the modulator is implemented as a pulse-width modulation (PWM), it is verified that this up-conversion process introduces a series of impulses resembling the spectrum of a unipolar return-to-zero (RZ) waveform in addition to the PWM impulses. Simulations show the minimum bit resolution of PWM signals where the impulses introduced are almost unnoticed, thus their influence is not distinguished from random background noise. An all-digital transmitter is designed on a field-programmable gate array to verify it experimentally. Experimental results show that reducing power from PWM harmonics leads to a power increase in the RZ harmonics, and vice-versa. These harmonic’s power present an energy trade-off relation, a novelty demonstrated in this paper. Finally, but not least, it is observed that filtering the carrier wave out causes a considerable amount of power to be lost.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".