The origin of the ice-free areas of the Hurd Peninsula (Livingston Island, Antarctica)
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Spatio-temporal patterns of glacial retreat determine the intensity of geomorphological, hydrological, and ecological processes in the ice-free areas of the Antarctic Peninsula region. The chronology of glacial oscillations in the region following the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) is still poorly constrained and mostly limited to data from a few sites adjacent to research stations. The Hurd Peninsula, located on Livingston Island (South Shetland Islands), is mainly covered by the Hurd Peninsula Ice Cap (HPIC); there is a ca. 20 km 2 ice-free area downvalley of the ice cap in the peninsula's southern sector in addition to numerous nunataks that protrude above the HPIC. In this study, we present an approach combining two direct surface exposure dating methods, cosmic-ray exposure (CRE) dating and lichenometry, to reconstruct the spatio-temporal patterns of glacial thinning and ice cap retreat on the Hurd Peninsula. To understand the patterns of deglaciation on the peninsula, 26 samples for CRE dating ( in situ cosmogenic 10 Be) were taken from glacially polished surfaces and moraine boulders along a transect from the nunatak summits to the coast. On the most recent moraines, boulder stabilisation (i.e., indicative of glacier withdrawal) was dated through the longest axis of the 10 largest thalli of the lichen species Rhizocarpon geographicum . Ice thinning might have begun before the LGM at ca. 31.6 ka, when the highest areas close to the coast became exposed, and subsequently accelerated during the LGM at 20-18 ka. The upper surfaces were completely deglaciated between 16 and 14 ka. The HPIC was relatively stable until the mid-Holocene, when neoglacial advances of its outlet glaciers built moraines at ca. 4.5 ka. Subsequently, late Holocene polygenic moraines formed before the development of the external ridges of the most recent moraine system left by the HPIC outlets during the Little Ice Age, at 0.3 ka. The internal moraines correspond to glacial advances from the late 19th and early 20th centuries, as indicated by lichenometric dating. This work presents a comprehensive chronology of glacial oscillations on the Hurd Peninsula, enhancing our understanding of deglaciation patterns and offering insights into glacier dynamics due to climate variability and change. • We examine patterns of glacial thinning of an ice cap in the Antarctic Peninsula. • Thinning might have started before the LGM, and accelerated at ca. 18–20 ka. • Relative Holocene glacier stability resulted in minor neoglacial moraines. • Lichenometry dates recent glacial culminations at late 19th/early 20th centuries.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.004 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.003 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".