Locating Irishness in the “Belfast of this Great Dominion”: Toronto, 1841–1926
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Through an exploration of how readings of Irish ethnic identity were produced, reproduced, and modified in Toronto between 1841 and 1926, this article contributes an urban-scale study to research on global Irishness. In the mid-nineteenth century, Toronto numbered among the most Irish of North American cities, and Catholics and Protestants of Irish birth and ancestry were touched by two nineteenth-century political projects that reached global levels of significance. The first concerned the attempted resurrection of the “Irish nation” through the return of a self-governing Dublin parliament by either constitutional or violent means. The second was the ongoing expansion of Britain's empire, a geo-political entity for which the Irish in Canada displayed varying degrees of affection through the century. For these projects, Toronto can be seen as both an Irish diasporic and British imperial location of importance. The study is informed by scholarship cautioning against the essentializing of any ethnic group as a transhistorical entity with consensual goals, and it considers the role of ethno-political entrepreneurs within the historical cycle of ethnic group-making.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.003 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".