Early life factors and dementia risk: A study of adverse childhood experiences and later-life cognition and behaviour
Bibliographic record
Abstract
ABSTRACT Introduction Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) are associated with brain alterations and cognitive decline. In later life, cognitive impairment and mild behavioural impairment (MBI) are associated with greater dementia risk. Objective & Study Design We investigated whether more severe ACEs are cross-sectionally associated with worse later-life cognitive and behavioural symptoms. Method Data are from the Canadian Platform for Research Online to Investigate Health, Quality of Life, Cognition, Behaviour, Function, and Caregiving in Aging (CAN-PROTECT). Measures included the Childhood Trauma Screener (CTS-5), neuropsychological testing, Everyday Cognition (ECog)-II scale, and MBI Checklist (MBI-C). Linear regressions modelled associations between ACEs severity and neuropsychological test scores. Multivariable negative binomial regressions (zero-inflated, if appropriate) modelled associations between ACEs severity and ECog-II and MBI-C scores. All models controlled for age, sex, education, and ethnocultural origin. Clinical diagnoses of depression and/or anxiety were explored as covariates or mediators. Results In adjusted analyses, higher ACEs scores were associated with worse performance on Trail-Making B (standardized b=0.10, q=0.003), Switching Stroop (b=-0.08, q=0.027), Paired Associates Learning (b=-0.08, q=0.049), and Digit Span (b=-0.08, q=0.029). Higher ACEs scores were also associated with higher ECog-II (b=1.08, q=0.029) and MBI-C (b=1.20, q<0.001) scores; these associations were neither mediated by affective symptoms (ECog p=0.16; MBI p=0.13) nor moderated by sex (ECog p=0.09; MBI p=0.46). Conclusion Older adults with a history of more severe ACEs show greater cognitive and behavioural risk markers for dementia that cannot be explained by previous psychiatric history. Further research into ACEs as an early modifiable risk factor for dementia is warranted.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".