Immunomodulatory effects of PACAP sequence modifications in juvenile white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) is a highly conserved multifunctional neuropeptide belonging to the secretin/glucagon/vasoactive intestinal peptide superfamily. In recent years, the role of PACAP in immunoregulation has been partially elucidated in mammals and teleost fishes, demonstrating that PACAP modulates both innate and acquired immunity. However, in invertebrates, little is known about its immunostimulant and antimicrobial properties. In previous research, studies performed in Litopenaeus ( Penaeus ) vannamei have revealed that Clarias gariepinus PACAP-38 improves immune functions like lectins, superoxide dismutase and nitric oxide synthase derived metabolites in postlarvae shrimp. In this study, the immunomodulatory effects of C. gariepinus PACAP-38 and four PACAP sequence modified peptides in juvenile L. vannamei were evaluated. The effect of several administrations of PACAP and its variants on shrimp immune effectors, as well as the effect of different doses was examined. Results revealed that PACAP can influence hemolymph immune parameters, and immune-related gene mRNA levels in the hemocytes, gill and hepatopancreas with different effects depending on the modification of the peptide sequence, the dose and the tissue assessed. Altogether, these findings provide valuable insights regarding the role of PACAP in crustacean innate immunity and highlight the need for further research into its potential application as an alternative to antibiotics in aquaculture.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".