Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract This chapter focuses on i-umlaut in German (involving vowel fronting) and Icelandic (involving fronting and unrounding), and on u-umlaut in Icelandic (involving rounding and fronting of the vowel /a/). ‘Umlaut’ refers to a variety of word-internal vowel alternations found in Germanic languages, which are the present-day reflexes of regressive assimilation induced by suffix vowels of certain kinds. I-umlaut in present-day Standard German is discussed as a partially productive, partially unproductive historical remnant of a word-final high front vowel. In contrast, u-umlaut in Icelandic is a far more productive phenomenon, although the common view that it still involves a synchronically active phonological assimilation process is shown to be problematic. In both languages, umlaut is triggered by derivational and inflectional morphology alike. Various approaches to the interpretation of umlaut in recent theoretical literature are discussed as well.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.004 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".