H<sup>+</sup>, He<sup>+</sup>, He<sup>++</sup>, O<sup>++</sup>, N<sup>+</sup> EMIC Wave Occurrence and Its Dependence on Geomagnetic Conditions: Results From 7 Years of Van Allen Probes Observations
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Electromagnetic ion cyclotron (EMIC) waves are believed to play an important role in the dynamics of the inner magnetosphere, including the ring current, the radiation belts and potentially, the cold plasma. In this work, we investigate their occurrence in the magnetosphere and the geomagnetic and solar wind conditions which lead to their excitation. We use an automated detection algorithm of EMIC waves observed by Van Allen Probes over the entire mission duration between 2012 and 2019. Consistent with earlier studies, we find that the H + band occurrence maximizes in the dayside magnetosphere during enhancements of solar wind dynamic pressure. Both the H + and He + band are also generated along the duskside magnetosphere during disturbed geomagnetic conditions. In addition, to H + and He + bands commonly surveyed, we investigate the occurrence of H + waves above and below 0.5 H + gyrofrequency, as well as wave occurrence in the N + and O ++ bands. Most H + waves are observed in the band below 0.5f H+ . We find several events in the N + band, indicative of their very low occurrence. The O ++ band is observed during disturbed geomagnetic conditions and high solar wind dynamic pressure at low L‐shells. Its radial localization coincides with the O ++ torus. This study provides a comprehensive picture of EMIC wave distribution and insight into ion composition in the inner magnetosphere during variable geomagnetic conditions.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Open science | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.006 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; both teacher heads agree on what is shown here.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".