Sleep timing and the prevalence of hypertension in middle-aged and older populations: the sleep heart health study
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Sleep characteristics such as duration, continuity, and irregularity are associated with the risk of hypertension. This study aimed to investigate the association between sleep timing (including bedtime, wake-up time, and sleep midpoint) and the prevalence of hypertension. Participants were selected from the Sleep Heart Health Study ( n = 5504). Bedtime and wake-up times were assessed using sleep habit questionnaires. The sleep midpoint was calculated as the halfway point between the bedtime and wake-up time. Restricted cubic splines and logistic regression analyses were performed to explore the association between sleep timing and hypertension. A significant nonlinear association was observed between bedtime (P overall <0.001; P nonlinear <0.001), wake-up time (P overall =0.024; P nonlinear =0.076), sleep midpoint (P overall =0.002; P nonlinear =0.005), and the prevalence of hypertension after adjusting for potential confounders. Multivariable logistic regression showed that both late (> 12:00 AM and 23:01 PM to 12:00 AM ) and early (≤ 22:00 PM ) bedtimes were associated with an increased risk of hypertension compared to bedtimes between 22:01 PM and 23:00 PM . In addition, individuals with late (> 7:00 AM ) and early (≤ 5:00 AM ) wake-up times had a higher prevalence of hypertension than those with wake-up times ranging between 5:01 AM and 6:00 AM . Delaying the sleep midpoint (> 3:00 AM ) was also associated with an increased risk of hypertension. Furthermore, no significant interaction effect was found in the subgroup analyses stratified by age, sex, or apnea-hypopnea index. Our findings identified a nonlinear association between sleep timing and hypertension. Individuals with both early and late sleep timing had a high prevalence of hypertension.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".